It is also worth bringing together two possible connections between what Paul writes in Rom. 1 and what he writes in Rom. 2. The first connection relates to Paul’s theology of creation in Rom. 1:19–20 with the ‘kindness’ of God in Rom. 2:4. God’s kindness, like that of his creation in Rom. 1, is effective at making humanity guilty of not turning to him as Creator. Consider Philo’s words of God before the Noahic flood in QG 2:3: ‘But the original cause of the creation of the world was the goodness